Periodontal disease (gum disease)

Periodontal disease is often painless. You may have bleeding gums, red, swollen and tender gums, loose teeth, an unpleasant taste or bad breath.

Untreated periodontal disease is likely to become worse. Gaps (pockets) form between the gums and teeth in the later stages and can become infected. As the disease progresses, the pockets deepen and more gum tissue and bone may be involved. Eventually, teeth can become loose and may have to be removed. There are different types of gum disease and some require more active treatment than others.

The main cause is the reaction of your gums to a build-up of bacterial plaque which is constantly forming on the teeth. Plaque can be removed by tooth brushing and flossing. If plaque is not removed it can turn into a hard substance called calculus or tartar which can only be removed by the dentist, hygienist or therapist

Major risk factors include smoking and tobacco use. People who smoke are more likely to suffer from periodontal disease and to suffer from the more severe forms of the disease. Smokers have been found to heal more slowly after treatment. If you are a smoker, your dentist will discuss the possible effects on your mouth with you.

Other risk factors include diabetes, stress and some other medical conditions. Some people are more prone than others. The signs may not be visible to a patient but can be detected by a regular dental examination.

Your dentist will assess the condition of your gums and discuss this with you. Treatment varies depending on the severity of your periodontal disease. Treatment involves the removal of plaque and calculus from above and below the gum. This is done by thoroughly scaling the teeth. It may also involve antibacterial treatment or possibly surgery of the gum. Your dentist will discuss the details of your treatment with you.

You will need to remove the plaque from your teeth and gums thoroughly and regularly by tooth brushing and flossing and/or other forms of interdental brushing. Your dentist or hygienist (therapist) will advise you of the methods most suited to you.

Common complications include sensitivity, incomplete healing and infrequently a gum abscess after treatment. Your dentist or other dental healthcare professional will advise you about specific risks.